F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby - 1299 Words

Ever since Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue and introduced Europeans to the Americas, people have flocked to the United States in order to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream.† Each person has their own interpretation of the American Dream, but to most, it simply means rising from humble beginnings to great success through hard work and determination. Benjamin Franklin, a great American leader, pursued the American Dream through the creation of his â€Å"13 Moral Virtues.† Like Benjamin Franklin, Jay Gatsby, the main character in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, created his own list of virtues as a child that he believed would make him successful if done correctly. This list contains items that overlap many of the ideas Benjamin Franklin considered necessary to accomplish the American Dream. However, did Gatsby follow this list strictly enough to have accomplished the American Dream? Gatsby fell short and missed the mark of Benjamin Fr anklin’s idea of successfully accomplishing the â€Å"American Dream† because he did not follow the basic virtues of frugality, moderation, tranquility and chastity. Gatsby stumbles on his way to accomplishing the American Dream by failing to live out the virtue of frugality. Benjamin Franklin interpreted frugality to mean, simply stated, â€Å"make no expense but to do good to others or yourself† (Franklin 266). In his childhood years, Gatsby himself vowed to live by this virtue by including in his simple list of resolutions to save moneyShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby974 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the Valley of Ashes: The Great Gatsby â€Å"This is a valley of ashes- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and raising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air† (Fitzgerald 26). In the novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† the author F. Scott Fitzgerald, mainly depicted lives of the rich and their luxuries but also showed theRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 Pages and many people realized their own version of the American Dream during this period. The American Dream is one that many people want to achieve. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald demonstrates his true feelings about the American Dream in his classic novel, The Great Gatsby. Many characters in this story, such as Daisy and Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, and Jordan Baker, found riches and happiness in materialistic things and people throughout this novel. This is the stereotypical American Dream that is associatedRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby944 Words   |  4 Pages423169 Prompt #4 No Comments Lim [f (x)] - 0 = ∞ ... The Limit as X Approaches Infinity Humans continually search for success. This success surfaces in forms such as fortune, fame, glory, et cetera. The American Dream encapsulates the ideals of the â€Å"New World,† bringing together not only the idea of limitless success, but also its newfound availability and encouragement for embracing the promise land. The Great Gatsby explores the American Dream and â€Å"the actual nature of this dream... the mannerRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1265 Words   |  6 PagesJay Gatsby and His Undying Love for Daisy Buchanan F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in the midst of the roaring twenties, which was an age full of wealth, parties, and romance. Young people living in the 1920s were centered around wanting to find love so Fitzgerald, along with many other authors during this time period, focused his writing in The Great Gatsby on relationships and affection. Jay Gatsby, one of the main characters in the novel, is a very mysterious man, but there is oneRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1845 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"You don’t write to say something, you write because you have something to say.† F. Scott Fitzgerald was one of the most remarkable writers of all time during the Jazz Age. He started to reach an accomplishment of success with This Side of Paradise and accomplished it with The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels take place back in the early 1900’s; he attempts to communicate knowledge to the elocutionist, in a sophisticated, but humorous way, that making it big is not uncomplicated. FurthermoreRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdriving force of evolution in humanity. It allows the aspiration of being able to do astonishing things, and proffers them prosperity in life. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald delves into the American Dream and it’s demise. Fitzgerald focuses on the character of Jay Gatsby to materialize the false image that the American Dream created in the 1920’s. Gatsby is th e protagonist of the novel, and is famous for throwing massive parties regardless of the secret life that he lives. The narrator, Nick CarrawayRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1202 Words   |  5 PagesJay Gatsby and F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald is an acclaimed American author, popularly recognized for his novel The Great Gatsby. In addition to his literary work, Fitzgerald is noted for his unstable personal life. Originally coming from a low-income background, he could not marry the woman that he first loved. Even when he met another woman, he had to acquire wealth to marry her; this drove him to publish his first novel. He married her shortly after. However, a couple years after, heRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1258 Words   |  6 Pages What Killed Gatsby? Love or Greed? To certain people, Gatsby’s death was a cruel and surprising conclusion to The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. But there is still some mystery around the cause of Gatsby’s death. Upon meeting Gatsby for the first time, one can tell that he has an obsession centered around Daisy Buchanan, his old love, and was dead set on getting her back. Gatsby’s obsession with repeating the past is responsible for his death and Gatsby’s greed put him in a grave. FurtherRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1761 Words   |  8 Pagescould be the main focus of people who are going out on their own to create a family. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald took a different route in his most famous novel. Fitzgerald uses his book, The Great Gatsby, to show how the idea of the American Dream is slowly dying in the society he created. Although the American Dream was prevalent during the time The Great Gatsby took place in, F. Scott Fitzgerald went against the social norm of believing in this idea and revolved his novel around the idea ofRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1381 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby portrays characterization corresponding with characters’ birthplaces, desires, and determination in order to devise their statuses. The narrator, Nick Carraway, is disparate from others due to the place he grew up which is exemplified when he moves to New York from the Midwest. Tom Buchanan satisfies his desire for love by having women in his life as well as his wife Daisy. Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan

Coming Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody

In the autobiography â€Å"Coming of age in Mississippi† by Anne Moody known as Essie Mae in the book she writes in great detail the struggles her and other people of her color had to go through in order to gain their rights. From such a young age she saw the differences in the way people of color were treated in comparison to whites, things that no one should go through much less a kid. From the beginning you see that Essie Mae is such a brilliant kid and all the trials she goes through and the knowledge and fire instilled in her leads her to be such a powerful activist in the fight for black equality. I think that at such an early age she started to notice the differences between people of color and whites. One incident that happened that led to her to questioning was an incident at the theater where the blacks would have to seat in the balcony and whites could seat in the bottom level but when they were at the theater they sat her â€Å"white friends â€Å"there so Essi e and her brother and sister followed them to the bottom level. While her mother was not noticing what was going on, when she finally noticed she began to start yelling and pulling them out the door later on Essie s mother explaining to them how they could not do this or that with white children. After the movie incident happened they never played with them again. This incident put thoughts in Essie Mae s at such an early age. This made her do a lot of thinking about the differences between people of her color andShow MoreRelatedComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody964 Words   |  4 PagesThe book â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† By Anne Moody is an autobiography and talks about the lifestyle of growing up as a Negro in the rural south during horrid times for blacks. Moody was born on September 15, 1940 and died just last year on February 5, 2015. Moody starts her story from the beginning of child hood living with her mother and siblings. She was a brillia nt student and also had the motivation for doing her best, but the barriers that blocked her simply seemed impossible to pass, sheRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi In the novel, Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody, she talks about her childhood and the hardships she faced due to discrimination and racism. She provides different instances and examples of the different obstacles she faced. With all these various examples, I believe it helped shape her into the figure she later became in the novel and the person she turned into. It helped shape her beliefs and thoughts on society that she never realized as a child, but asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the heart of the nation and only got worse the more south you go. In Anne Moody’s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody’s life is told through her eyes. It goes through her childhood until her participation in the Civil Rights movement. One of the major parts in the book is her slowly realizing the racial divide in America and the disadvantages that her skin color had come with. All the racism Moody ex perienced as a child until she was an adolescent led to her decision to becomeRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her analyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1362 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay Fredric Stanley HIST 3881 Professor James Conway 7 November 2015 â€Æ' Though we Americans, in all of our efforts, feel as if the day of racism is coming to an end, I feel it is merely evolving into a much more subtle approach. Seeing life through the words of Anne Moody in her book entitled, Coming of Age in Mississippi, shows that racism, even back then, is treated with remedies versus a cure. After the many anti-discrimination legislations passed as well asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1057 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 3 In the book Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody, it shows about a Moody growing up in Mississippi poor and in the during Civil Rights era. Throughout the book it shows the experiences that Moody went through growing up and how they affected her views on the Civil Rights movements. First, during her childhood the experiences of growing up as an African-Americans in the southern limited Moody to what she can achieve in life. Then in the teenager years of Moody life the experiencesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1655 Words   |  7 Pagesanti-Black laws and restrictions such as Black codes and poll taxes; it was a way of life dominated by widely accepted societal rules that relegated Black people to the role of second class citizens. In the autobiography of Anne Moody entitled Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody describes growing up as a poor Black woman in the rural south and eventually getting heavily involved with the Civil Right Movement during h er college years. The detailing of her experiences expressed not only the injusticesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1383 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of age in Mississippi by Anne Moody tells the story of her life as a poor African American growing up in America in the midst of racism and poverty. When Anne Moody was four years old Anne and her little brother had to be left at home while her parents worked in the fields. They were babysat by their uncle who was mean to them and regularly beat her up. In an attempt to scare her he accidentally burned down their house, blaming it on Anne. This event had a tremendous effect on the familyRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1214 Words   |  5 Pagescontinues to plague us today. In Anne Moody s book, Coming of Age in Mississippi she depicts how life was growing up in the south through her eyes. The constant discrimination and abuse that many African American minorities faced was s omething she grew up with. As she grows up and takes part of many organizations to fight for equality, Moody manages to gather valuable experiences and wonders if the issue of racism is something that will truly be conquered. Anne grew up with her mother, fatherRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1164 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Coming Of Age In Mississippi by Anne Moody gives us a life perspective on how life was in the past for blacks. As well as her life story on how she suffered so much but she never gave up. She always found ways to overcome things and wanted to help blacks so they would no longer be suffering and have freedom. The book/author both add to the conversations we had in class. For example: how blacks had no freedom, worked for whites and were mistreated. They were not paid well, so many of Coming Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody The book â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† By Anne Moody is an autobiography and talks about the lifestyle of growing up as a Negro in the rural south during horrid times for blacks. Moody was born on September 15, 1940 and died just last year on February 5, 2015. Moody starts her story from the beginning of child hood living with her mother and siblings. She was a brilliant student and also had the motivation for doing her best, but the barriers that blocked her simply seemed impossible to pass, she was a black female. It is noted that in Centreville, where she lived, 8th grade was the highest education for Negro children (28). Whites on the other hand had much more access to literally everything. It wasn’t until about the age of 7 when Moody played with other white children for the first time, this was how segregated the lives were. When including race Moody’s mother always seemed to hide things from Moody and that’s what sprung her curiosity. Moody wa s often scolded for asking questions that arose like, why the theaters had white and black sections. At a young age Moody discovered herself working for white neighbors for pretty low pay at first but soon she was working so often making close to her mother’s wage, which was essential for the family and soon to come family members (Moody’s mother was pregnant numerous times throughout the book). But more important than the money was Moody’s knowledge which grew vastly from white people (The Claibornes and the Johnsons) tellingShow MoreRelatedComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi In the novel, Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody, she talks about her childhood and the hardships she faced due to discrimination and racism. She provides different instances and examples of the different obstacles she faced. With all these various examples, I believe it helped shape her into the figure she later became in the novel and the person she turned into. It helped shape her beliefs and thoughts on society that she never realized as a child, but asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the heart of the nation and only got worse the more south you go. In Anne Moody’s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody’s life is told through her eyes. It goes through her childhood until her participation in the Civil Rights movement. One of the major parts in the book is her slowly realizing the racial divide in America and the disadvantages that her skin color had come with. All the racism Moody ex perienced as a child until she was an adolescent led to her decision to becomeRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her analyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1362 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay Fredric Stanley HIST 3881 Professor James Conway 7 November 2015 â€Æ' Though we Americans, in all of our efforts, feel as if the day of racism is coming to an end, I feel it is merely evolving into a much more subtle approach. Seeing life through the words of Anne Moody in her book entitled, Coming of Age in Mississippi, shows that racism, even back then, is treated with remedies versus a cure. After the many anti-discrimination legislations passed as well asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1057 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 3 In the book Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody, it shows about a Moody growing up in Mississippi poor and in the during Civil Rights era. Throughout the book it shows the experiences that Moody went through growing up and how they affected her views on the Civil Rights movements. First, during her childhood the experiences of growing up as an African-Americans in the southern limited Moody to what she can achieve in life. Then in the teenager years of Moody life the experiencesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1655 Words   |  7 Pagesanti-Black laws and restrictions such as Black codes and poll taxes; it was a way of life dominated by widely accepted societal rules that relegated Black people to the role of second class citizens. In the autobiography of Anne Moody entitled Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody describes growing up as a poor Black woman in the rural south and eventually getting heavily involved with the Civil Right Movement during h er college years. The detailing of her experiences expressed not only the injusticesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1388 Words   |  6 PagesIn the autobiography â€Å"Coming of age in Mississippi† by Anne Moody known as Essie Mae in the book she writes in great detail the struggles her and other people of her color had to go through in order to gain their rights. From such a young age she saw the differences in the way people of color were treated in comparison to whites, things that no one should go through much less a kid. From the beginning you see that Essie Mae is such a brilliant kid and all the trials she goes through and the knowledgeRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1383 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of age in Mississippi by Anne Moody tells the story of her life as a poor African American growing up in America in the midst of racism and poverty. When Anne Moody was four years old Anne and her little brot her had to be left at home while her parents worked in the fields. They were babysat by their uncle who was mean to them and regularly beat her up. In an attempt to scare her he accidentally burned down their house, blaming it on Anne. This event had a tremendous effect on the familyRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1214 Words   |  5 Pagescontinues to plague us today. In Anne Moody s book, Coming of Age in Mississippi she depicts how life was growing up in the south through her eyes. The constant discrimination and abuse that many African American minorities faced was something she grew up with. As she grows up and takes part of many organizations to fight for equality, Moody manages to gather valuable experiences and wonders if the issue of racism is something that will truly be conquered. Anne grew up with her mother, fatherRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1164 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Coming Of Age In Mississippi by Anne Moody gives us a life perspective on how life was in the past for blacks. As well as her life story on how she suffered so much but she never gave up. She always found ways to overcome things and wanted to help blacks so they would no longer be suffering and have freedom. The book/author both add to the conversations we had in class. For example: how blacks had no freedom, worked for whites and were mistreated. They were not paid well, so many of Coming Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody The mid to early 1900 s were a brutal and troublesome time for African Americans. The constant racial and social discrimination was something they faced and something that continues to plague us today. In Anne Moody s book, Coming of Age in Mississippi she depicts how life was growing up in the south through her eyes. The constant discrimination and abuse that many African American minorities faced was something she grew up with. As she grows up and takes part of many organizations to fight for equality, Moody manages to gather valuable experiences and wonders if the issue of racism is something that will truly be conquered. Anne grew up with her mother, father and younger sister in a two-room shack amidst a plantation. As a child she was already thrown into the harsh reality of slavery. Her parents would work the fields day in and day out with little interaction towards their children. Anne had a tough childhood simply because she had to live among slaves and embrace their lifestyles. To make matters worse, their shack was barely even habitable to begin with. With no electricity or indoor plumbing, they had to make do with what they had through the changing seasons of the year. Carter s house was the only one with electricity or plumbing and this is where Anne begins to see the segregation take place although she still does not quite understand it. While the Carter s, who are white, had electricity, the black slaves had to endure torturous nights without properShow MoreRelatedComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody964 Words   |  4 PagesThe book â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† B y Anne Moody is an autobiography and talks about the lifestyle of growing up as a Negro in the rural south during horrid times for blacks. Moody was born on September 15, 1940 and died just last year on February 5, 2015. Moody starts her story from the beginning of child hood living with her mother and siblings. She was a brilliant student and also had the motivation for doing her best, but the barriers that blocked her simply seemed impossible to pass, sheRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi In the novel, Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody, she talks about her childhood and the hardships she faced due to discrimination and racism. She provides different instances and examples of the different obstacles she faced. With all these various examples, I believe it helped shape her into the figure she later became in the novel and the person she turned into. It helped shape her beliefs and thoughts on society that she never realized as a child, but asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the heart of the nation and only got worse the more south you go. In Anne Moody’s autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody’s life is told through her eyes. It goes through her childhood until her participation in the Civil Rights movement. One of the major parts in the book is her slowly realizing the racial divide in America and the disadvantages that her skin color had come with. All the racism Moody ex perienced as a child until she was an adolescent led to her decision to becomeRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her analyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1362 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay Fredric Stanley HIST 3881 Professor James Conway 7 November 2015 â€Æ' Though we Americans, in all of our efforts, feel as if the day of racism is coming to an end, I feel it is merely evolving into a much more subtle approach. Seeing life through the words of Anne Moody in her book entitled, Coming of Age in Mississippi, shows that racism, even back then, is treated with remedies versus a cure. After the many anti-discrimination legislations passed as well asRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1057 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 3 In the book Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody, it shows about a Moody growing up in Mississippi poor and in the during Civil Rights era. Throughout the book it shows the experiences that Moody went through growing up and how they affected her views on the Civil Rights movements. First, during her childhood the experiences of growing up as an African-Americans in the southern limited Moody to what she can achieve in life. Then in the teenager years of Moody life the experiencesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi, By Anne Moody1655 Words   |  7 Pagesanti-Black laws and restrictions such as Black codes and poll taxes; it was a way of life dominated by widely accepted societal rules that relegated Black people to the role of second class citizens. In the autobiography of Anne Moody entitled Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody describes growing up as a poor Black woman in the rural south and eventually getting heavily involved with the Civil Right Movement during h er college years. The detailing of her experiences expressed not only the injusticesRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1388 Words   |  6 PagesIn the autobiography â€Å"Coming of age in Mississippi† by Anne Moody known as Essie Mae in the book she writes in great detail the struggles her and other people of her color had to go through in order to gain their rights. From such a young age she saw the differences in the way people of color were treated in comparison to whites, things that no one should go through much less a kid. From the beginning you see that Essie Mae is such a brilliant kid and all the trials she goes through and the knowledgeRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1383 Words   |  6 Pages Coming of age in Mississippi by Anne Moody tells the story of her life as a poor African American growing up in America in the midst of racism and poverty. When Anne Moody was four years old Anne and her little brot her had to be left at home while her parents worked in the fields. They were babysat by their uncle who was mean to them and regularly beat her up. In an attempt to scare her he accidentally burned down their house, blaming it on Anne. This event had a tremendous effect on the familyRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1164 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Coming Of Age In Mississippi by Anne Moody gives us a life perspective on how life was in the past for blacks. As well as her life story on how she suffered so much but she never gave up. She always found ways to overcome things and wanted to help blacks so they would no longer be suffering and have freedom. The book/author both add to the conversations we had in class. For example: how blacks had no freedom, worked for whites and were mistreated. They were not paid well, so many of

China And Russia Journal Of Business Ethics -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Quetion: Discuss About The China And Russia Journal Of Business Ethics? Answer: Introduction In this competitive market, global business marketing provides an opportunity for the business organizations to sustain in the competitive market. After a certain time, the domestic market becomes saturated for the business organization thereby, hampering the overall revenue and business. The business organization develops and implements international marketing in order to ensure growth for their company. Global business marketing allows the business organizations to create new market along with increasing their customer base thereby, increasing the annual revenue. This report introduces the PESTLE analysis of Russia, as Ugg Australia aim towards globally expanding their business to Russia. Overview of Ugg Australia Australian Leather Pty Ltd is a footwear manufacturing company that is manufacturing ugg boots since early 1990. The Sydney manufacturer uses sheepskins to manufacture the boots and is estimated to manufacture more than 50,000 pairs of boots annually. An estimated cost of the Australian leather ugg boots is $89 ("Australian Ugg Boots Pty Ltd", 2017). However, the Sydney manufacturer of ugg boots is facing a legal battle with a global American footwear company that is preventing the Sydney manufacturer to use the name ugg (Cormack, 2017). The court has taken legal action against the Sydney ugg boots manufacturer in the favour of the Deckers Corporation partnered American ugg footwear manufacturer. However, the owner of the Sydney ugg boot manufacturer has stated that they are nothing like the American ugg footwear. Due to the clash of the name ugg, the global American Ugg manufacturers have shut down several Australian small manufacturers of ugg boots ("Ugg Boots | Uggs | Australian U GG | Sheepskin Boots ~ Jumbo Ugg", 2017). The Australian Leather Pty Ltd has aimed towards globally expanding their business to Russia, as the Australian market has become saturated due to the rise of various small ugg boot manufacturers. The Ugg Australia predicts competitive advantage and business growth by expanding the business internationally to Russia. PESTLE Analysis of Russia Ugg Australia conducts a PESTLE analysis in order to analyse the external environment of Russia thereby, judging the suitability and predicting the success of the global expansion. The PESTLE analysis of Russia is furnished below: Political Russia is federation of Russia with semi-presidential republic Open foreign relationship strategy Russia had official relationship with 191 countries and 144 embassies until 2009 The political side takes the main role of running the business of the entire country. Economic Russia is greatly dependent on the natural resources, that is, oil and gas. The GDP of Russia ranks 10th in the world economy In respect to agriculture, Russia is considered the 4th largest Constantly growing economy Social Russia is highly affected by HIV and alcohol poisoning Russia is well-known for literature, music, ballet, philosophers, and sports Unevenly distributed population throughout Russia Russias society health is negatively affected due to health conditions, diseases and depressions. Technological Rich in science tradition Russia is the first country to sent people in space Russia has paid more attention to developing advanced technology such as Rosnano and Nanotechnology Russia surprised the entire world by their advanced aerospace engineering. Legal The legal structure facilitates foreign investors Biased courts Judiciary suffers from state interference and corruption Russia ranks 3rd in terms of the pending human rights cases in the European Court Environmental Government has taken initiative to reduce pollution Low water quality along with poor agricultural practices Higher rate of carbon emission Degradation of natural resource base Political: Russia has become the federation of the semi-presidential republic in 12th December 1993. Since Putins president ship in 2000, Russia has encountered several changes in the political system thereby, becoming active on the international stage. Therefore, the legislative and the political power of Russia are centralized and are shared between the Prime Minister and President of the country. The political nature of the country influences opens foreign relationship strategy. As a result, no difference is present between the national and international foreign investors. Until 2009, Russia had an official relationship with 191 countries and 144 embassies that facilitated business. The political department of the country holds the main role thereby, regulating the entire business of the country (Brovkin, 2015). Economic: The economy of Russia is unpredictable and highly volatile. Russia is greatly dependent on the natural resources such as the price of the crude oil. Due to the decline in the oil prices and trade wars between the US and the Europe, Russia encountered recession in 2014 and 2015. Though considered as a developed country, Russia has unstable economic parameters such as labour productivity. Russia has the 10th largest economy in the world and the 4th largest agriculture (Malle, 2013). The 2008 recession largely affected the economy and Russia encountered an adverse financial crisis. Reports suggest that the annual GDP growth for Russia in 2008 was 5.24% but declined drastically to -7.281% due to the recession. However, the spontaneous and active actions by the Central Bank and the Government, Russia uplifted the declining economy by 2014. The International Monetary Fund and the Central Bank predicts that Russia will be able to resume the normal GDP by 2017 (Lipman et al., 2012). Social: Russia is well known for its contribution to literature, philosophies, music, ballet, and sports. However, Russia has unevenly distributed population, as the western and the southern part of the country are densely populated. Russia is one of the largest countries in the world covering approximately 16 million square kilometers with different time and climate zones. The Russian population encounters severe health issues due to alcohol poisoning, HIV, heart conditions, and depressions. The average life expectancy in Russia is lower than 70.9 years that is expected to increase due to a healthier lifestyle (Dias, 2013). Technological: Russia is extremely rich in science tradition and culture and is one of the first countries that sent people to space. Russia has greatly emphasized in developing advanced technology such as Rosnano and Nanotechnology and has surprised the world by their advanced aerospace engineering successfully. Russia ranks 62nd among 138 countries in terms of the technological readiness and is ranked 56th in terms of innovations (Wcislo, 2014). Compared to the other OCED countries, 10% of the Russian companies are reported to use technological advancements. Digitalization and extensive use of the internet have changed the traditional way of doing business for Russia. More than 70 million Russian business organizations use internet for business thereby, providing endless opportunity for the companies. However, on the contrary, in terms of using technology in education, Russia has failed to reach the standard of the European countries (Lee, Speight Loyalka, 2014). Legal: The strength and independence of the rule of law are considered poor in Russia compared to other countries in the world. The legal system and judiciary of Russia suffer corruption and state interferences thereby, resulting in biased courts. However, the legal structure of Russia highly facilitates foreign investors. Russia ranks 3rd in terms of the pending human rights cases in the European Court (Epifanova et al., 2015). According to the Constitutional Court of Russia, the decisions of the international court can be overruled if they fail to correspond with the Russian Constitution. Compared to the state agencies, the inter-firm court rulings are much fairer (Boussena Locatelli, 2013). Environmental: As Russia is highly dependent on the natural resources such as oil and gases, it is predicted that the country would exhaust the natural resources completely very soon. Russia has low water quality thereby, resulting in poor agricultural practices. Russia has a higher rate of carbon emission that results in global warming, dangerous weather events. Considering the higher rate of environmental impact, the Government of Russia has developed policies that address climate change, environmental sustainability and issues (Jorgens, 2012). Doing business in Russia After conducting the PESTLE analysis, it can be said that Russia is a suitable country for global market expansion for Ugg Australia. The partnership between World Trade Organization and Russian Federation facilitates business for the foreign investors and companies (Zhao, 2012). The steady recovery of the Russian economy from the hard-hit recession provides many opportunities for Ugg Australia to commence business in the country. Additionally, the suitable political and legal structure of Russia also provides a suitable business opportunity for Ugg Australia, as Russia does not distinguish between national and international business organizations (Cavusgil, Ghauri Akcal, 2012). Additionally, the technological advancements of Russia are also a justified reason for Ugg Australia to expand globally their business in the country. Ugg Australia needs to implement franchising entry mode for entering the Russian market. The franchising entry mode strategy will provide an opportunity for g lobally to minimize the risk of growth and expanding their capital easily (Ardichvili et al., 2012). Conclusion In this report, it can be concluded that Ugg Australia is a Sydney based ugg boot manufacturer that is facing legal issues with the internationally recognized American Ugg footwear. However, the owner of Ugg Australia has claimed that they have no similarity with the American ugg footwear manufacturer. Ugg Australia aim towards globally expanding their business to Russia due to saturated home country market and sustain in the competitive market. The analysis of the external environment of Russia suggested that the country is suitable for global expansion for Ugg Australia due to stable and encouraging political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental scenarios. References Ardichvili, A., Jondle, D., Kowske, B., Cornachione, E., Li, J. and Thakadipuram, T., 2012. Ethical cultures in large business organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(4), pp.415-428. Australian Ugg Boots Pty Ltd. (2017). Australianuggboots.com.au. Retrieved 1 December 2017, from https://www.australianuggboots.com.au/en-au Boussena, S., Locatelli, C. (2013). Energy institutional and organisational changes in EU and Russia: Revisiting gas relations. Energy Policy, 55, 180-189. Brovkin, V. N. (2015). Behind the front lines of the civil war: political parties and social movements in Russia, 1918-1922. Princeton University Press. Cavusgil, S. T., Ghauri, P. N., Akcal, A. A. (2012). Doing business in emerging markets. Sage. Cormack, L. (2017). David and Goliath battle as Sydney boot manufacturer fights to use the word 'ugg'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 December 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/australian-ugg-boot-manufacturers-fighting-to-use-the-word-ugg-20160523-gp1pwt Dias, V. A. (2013). The EU and Russia: competing discourses, practices and interests in the shared neighbourhood. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 14(2), 256-271. Epifanova, T., Romanenko, N., Mosienko, T., Skvortsova, T., Kupchinskiy, A. (2015). Modernization of institutional environment of entrepreneurship in Russia for development of innovation initiative in small business structures. European Research Studies, 18(3), 137. Jeffries, I. (2013). The new Russia: a handbook of economic and political developments. Routledge. Jrgens, H. (2012). National environmental policies: A comparative study of capacity-building. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, S., Speight, J. G., Loyalka, S. K. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of alternative fuel technologies. crc Press. Lipman, M., Malashenko, A., Petrov, N., Trenin, D. (2012). Russia on the Move. M.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Ugg Boots | Uggs | Australian UGG | Sheepskin Boots ~ Jumbo Ugg. (2017). Jumbougg.com.au. Retrieved 1 December 2017, from https://www.jumbougg.com.au/ Wcislo, F. W. (2014). Reforming rural Russia: State, local society, and national politics, 1855-1914. Princeton University Press. Zhao, M. (2012). CSR-based political legitimacy strategy: Managing the state by doing good in China and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(4), 439-460.

International Organizational Behaviour

Introduction Globalization has led to an increase in the number of multi-cultural organizations all over the world. Consequently, recruitment of employees has become a global activity with at least 25 – 30% of a company’s workforce belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds (Persing, 1999). Such organizations face the challenge of embracing the cultural diversity and using it to promote productivity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural diversity refers to the â€Å"representation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural significance† (White, 1999). Various concepts have been put forward, most notably by Edward T. Hall, to explain the approaches that different cultures have towards time and communication at the work place. A culture may be low context or high context dep ending on the degree to which they rely on things other than words to convey meaning. Given that in a low context culture, nothing is left to chance, there is very little room for misunderstandings to occur (Hall, 2003). In most instances, low context culture will provide clear explanations that do not bear any hidden meaning (Gamsriegler, 2005). In the case of a high context culture, many options exist that allow people to comprehend what is said (Gamsriegler, 2005). Using Hall’s classification, cultures may also be either monochronic or polychronic depending on their perception of time. In monochromic cultures, time schedules are very important and must be followed strictly (Moseley, 2009). This is not so with polychronic cultures where people place a greater value on personal involvement rather than getting things done on time (Moseley, 2009). By understanding these different perceptions, international organizations can curb some of the problems they face from having a cul turally diverse workforce. Such problems include stereotyping, ethnocentrism as well as conflict between individualistic and collective approaches to task completion. Managers of such multi-cultural groups must show a strong commitment to encouraging diversity in order to achieve harmony in the workplace (White, 1999). Understanding international organizational behaviour through appreciation of cultural diversity at the work place will not only reduce problems faced by the organization but also enhance cohesion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low Context versus High Context Cultures in International Organizations Context can be referred to as â€Å"information that surrounds a communication and helps convey a message† (Moseley, 2009). Hall divided cultures into high context and low context cultures. Examples of high context cultures are the Japanese, Arabian and Chin ese cultures while the Swiss and Scandinavian cultures are considered low context (Moseley, 2009). Low context cultures are thought to show less intuitive understanding and are thus considered slow or less efficient in comparison to high context cultures (Gamsriegler, 2005). In high context cultures people do not explicitly state what they want but prefer to beat around the bush until someone else gets to understand what he or she is trying to say (Gamsriegler 2005). Within a high context culture, majority of the communication uses non-verbal cues. A lot of emphasis is placed on body language unlike in the low context culture where majority of the communication is verbal (Hall, 2011). Whereas words carry so much weight in a low context culture, there is little emphasis on the choice of words when dealing with high context cultures (Advameg, 2011). Low context cultures value contracts that are tangible and may come across as distrusting. The high context cultures will however enter i nto verbal contracts and tend to value personal relationships more than their counterparts. High-context cultures are known to form extensive networks with friends, relatives, family as well as their clients that are both close and personal (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). They value the knowledge from these relationships which goes to form a basis for their communication by giving meaning to events and communications. As far as low context cultures are concerned, classifications by individuals are possible to such an extent that quite a lot of information is necessary for one to recognize the meaning of what is being said (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). While low context cultures are characterized by confrontations, high context cultures tend to take a more polite approach (Advameg, 2011). With respect to time and flexibility, the low context culture is similar to the monochronic culture while the high context culture is similar to the polychronic culture. The low context culture reveres time and emphasizes schedules while the high context culture is more open and flexible (Hall, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The low context culture will prefer to meet deadlines at whatever cost as opposed to the high context culture where deadlines are not set in stone. The general lack of specificity associated with high context cultures and the literal nature of low context cultures is a potential source of friction within any organization. Monochronic versus Polychronic Cultures in International Organizations â€Å"The handling of time is one of the key elements of culture† (Missana, n.d.) and this is what separates monochronic and polychronic cultures. Hall in his book â€Å"The Silent Language† writes a chapter on time with respect to cultural communication showing how the different cu ltural views on time can affect the work dynamic in an organization. A classic example of the monochronic culture is the American culture that views time as something fixed in nature (Missana, n.d.). The French, on the other hand, are an example of a polychronic culture (Hall, 2011). Within an organization, monochronic cultures tend to prefer completing one task at a time as opposed to multi-tasking like their counterparts (Dahl, 2007). This may present a problem when both are working together on a project as they would probably not agree on what needs to be done first. Another difference between the two cultures is that monochronic cultures tend to put work before relationships unlike polychronic cultures (Hall, 2011). The polychron will happily put work aside to have a chat with a colleague, reply to an email or make a phone call. This is however sacrilege to a monochron (Hahn, 2011). In polychronic organizations, the one-to-one interaction between a boss and his or her subordinat e encourages openness and the formation of highly personalized relationships which is beneficial to the organization (Advameg, 2011). In contrast, monochronic organizations are more result oriented and there is very little interaction between the boss and his or her subordinates. While monochronic cultures tend to value time schedules and stick to their commitments religiously, the polychronic ones do not care much about time and schedules and would rather operate in a more relaxed environment (O’hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, monochrons isolate their activities from organization and measure tasks in output per time; polychrons will however integrate activities into the organization as a whole and measure tasks as part of overall organizational goals (Dahl, 2007). Moreover, while monochronic people have a high regard for personal property and privacy, polychronic people tend not to value privacy as much and borrow and lend much easier than monochronic people (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). These are some of the differences that can cause significant tension within an international organization with both polychronic and monochronic cultures within its workforce. Problems of Low/ High Context Cultures and Monochronic / Polychronic Cultures Poor Communication Communication depends on the context that surrounds the communication. Consequently, the more the communicator and recipient share in common, the higher the context of their communication and the lower the need for words (Advameg, 2011). In a high context society, there is less need for explanations and wordiness. For an international organization, this may have several drawbacks, the most significant being a lack of understanding between the two individuals of different cultures. Low context cultures detest vagueness and ambiguity and prefer a straight forward approach instead (Advameg, 2011). Take, for instance, the Japanese and German cultures. The Japanese are high context individuals as opposed to the low context Germans and for this reason they will experience situations differently (Gamsriegler, 2005). The Japanese are generally closed-minded to outside information, highly subjective, focus on the specific rather than on the general and anticipate others’ needs by paying much more attention to the context than to the explicit message conveyed by their interlocutor (Gamsriegler, 2005). A German on the other hand can not easily identify himself or herself with the concerns of others. He or she only accepts objective facts as truth and ignores all emotional statements or feelings of their interlocutor in a negotiation (Gamsriegler, 2005). The different perception of time by these two cultures can lead to poor communication if for instance the boss is a monochron and his or her subordinate is a polychron. A monochronic system does not encourage a one-on-one interaction between the boss and his or her subordinate (Advameg, 2011). This may cause the subordinate to feel insecure and may lead to some degree of resentment towards the boss. To him or her, the boss only cares about the bottom line and not about his or her welfare. This may impair communication between the boss and his or her subordinate who will avoid all communication unless necessary. Therefore, it is advantageous if the both superior and the subordinate were aware of all aspects – professional and personal, about their respective (Advameg, 2011). Ethno – centrists This is the feeling that a n individual’s culture is more superior to that of others (Advameg, 2011). People who are ethnocentric see themselves as superior to out-groups and more competent (Neulip, Hintz McCroskey, 2005). This severely affects performance within the organization by inhibiting teamwork. Ethnocentric persons hold different attitudes and behaviors toward in-groups from those toward out-groups, in addition, ethnocentric persons foster co-operative relations among group members while competing with, and perhaps even battling, with out-group members (Neulip, Hintz McCroskey, 2005). Cultural problems in a multi cultural environment always arise because of a lack of knowledge (Advameg, 2011). Ethnocentrism, however, is baseless. A culture will view its own behavior as logical simply because it works for them not considering the fact that each culture has its own set of values so the concept of proper and improper becomes blurred (Advameg, 2011). In a study carried out by Neulip, Hintz and M croskey (2005), manager-subordinate communication was found to be handicapped ethnocentrism. Ethnocentric individuals often regard managers from different cultures to be inferior and as such, may be unwilling to cooperate (Neulip, Hintz McCroskey, 2005). Ethnocentrism is a factor that can be found in a low context culture, high context culture, monochronic or polychronic culture as any of them would tend to view their culture as superior to the other thereby inhibiting cohesion at the workplace. Territorial Principle People who are low context tend to have a much higher level of territoriality than their high context counterparts. This is unlike high context cultures that are more willing to share territories with others (Hall, 2011). This may lead to constant squabbles over minor issues such as desk space, sitting positions or stationary. With regard to polychronism and monochronism, the polychronic cultures tend to be a lot less territorial. The monochrons are very possessive of their belongings and rarely get to ask for things from others or even give what they own. On the other hand, the polychrons borrow and lend things often and easily (O’Hara-Devereaux Johanes, 1994). In my experience, territorialism affects output in an international organization as time is wasted resolving minor property issues that maybe as simple as one worker taking offence that another took his pen without asking, considering it ‘stealing’. Misinterpretation Interpretation can be said to occur when an individual derives meaning from observations (Gamsriegler, 2005). A great deal of non verbal communication occurs in the workplace and this can be interpreted variously by different cultures. Misinterpretation often leads to stereotyping and consequently hampers progress within the multi-cultural organization. What we perceive is first influenced by a person’s cultural background and rarely reflects reality (Gamsriegler, 2005). To the American people, tim e is a very critical factor that has to be well utilized by all (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). This is unlike in other culture where time is seen as being abundant (Analytic Technologies, 2007). This may falsely lead Americans to believe that Asian cultures are lazy and cannot be bothered to get to work on time. This leads to impaired interaction at the work place. The low context cultures tend to value short time relationships and are not fond of close personal relationship unlike their high context counterparts who value personal relationships (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). Interactions between high and low context people can be problematic and this can be illustrated using the high context Japanese and low context Americans. According to Advameg (2011), high context cultures have the habit of being direct and poorly interpreting communication unlike low context cultures. The Japanese can misinterpret Americans need to verbalize everything as being offensiv ely blunt while Americans can find the Japanese to be secretive and ambiguous as a result of their high context nature. This will significantly increase the chances of conflict in the work place. Frustration There is an increased level of frustration in international organizations due to the cultural differences that exist between them. Monochronic cultures and polychronic cultures are said to differ in the criteria they use for promoting employees (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). Unlike polychronic Mexico advancements, monochronic Canadians and Americans tend to link career growth to past as well future accomplishments (O’Hara-Devereaux Johansen, 1994). This would serve as a source of frustration to a polychronic employee working for a monochronic boss for many years without promotion. Regarding context, frustrations come about with the dissemination of information. An example of this can be illustrated using the high context French manager and low context German employee. Due to the lack of specificity on the French manager’s side when giving orders and instructions, the German employee can feel that the French manager provides no direction and hence experience difficulties in carrying out his or her duties leaving him frustrated. A common result of these frustrations in international organizations is high staff turnover. Most unhappy employees end up leaving the organization (White, 1999). The Individualists and Collectivists Collectivist cultures dwell on the needs of the group particularly co-operation within the group as opposed to individualistic cultures that value individual needs. Monochronic cultures tend to be similar to the individualistic cultures and the polychronic cultures to collective cultures. Monochronic cultures view interpersonal relationships as subordinate to personal schedules; the converse is true for polychrons (Dahl, 2007). While none of these approaches can be deemed superior to the other, the dynamics of culturally diverse international organizations mean that an individualist may be required to work collectively and vice versa. This creates a problem within the organization. According to White (1999), collectivists will perform lowly when left to work alone instead of being in a group. Individualistic monochronic cultures choose the individual at the expense of the team inhibiting teamwork; collective polychronic cultures choose the group thereby inhibiting individual initiative and innovation (Hall, 2011). In multicultural organizations the balance between individual and team jobs must be kept in order to ensure that each employee does not feel stifled. Difficulty in Management The management of culturally diverse organizations is plagued with several problems. Taking the simple human resource process; job evaluation as an example, monochronic Anglo-Saxon cultures tend to hold a Universalist orientation where the rules and obligations are paramount and these will be followed even when friends are involved dealing fairly and equally with all cases (Hall, 2003). As a result, they are fond of universal or global solutions, policies and business models, and nervous about being seen to exercise power in a personal and arbitrary way (Hall, 2003). Polychronic societies, such as Asian and African societies, are more particularist where the particular circumstances are much more important than the rules; personal relationships are stronger than any abstract rule (Hall, 2003). Problems arise where these different groups work in one organization, for example a polychronic boss may appoint a new director without regard to due process hence angering the monochronic subordinate. When attempting to solve departmental problems, managers may face problems arising from cultural diversity. In a diverse setup, reaching a common decision is always a challenge that must be addressed (White, 1992). Managing a culturally diverse organization can then prove to be a very difficult ta sk though it is not impossible. Strategies of Managing Culturally Diverse Organizations The myriad of problems associated with running international organizations have led to the development of strategies to deal with them to ensure efficiency and harmony in the work place. Several strategies have been put forward and they include: Cultural Sensitization This will improve communication skills across cultures and it starts with studying the different factors associated with various cultures. By teaching and engaging in active listening, cultural sensitivity can be developed and thereby reduce misunderstandings (Moseley, 2009). This also helps to reduce stereotyping, ethnocentrism and discrimination in the workplace. People will begin to appreciate the benefits of another’s culture once they reach a certain level of awareness of cultural differences (Hall, 2003). â€Å"So long as individuals only accept the validity of their own view of the world, international working becomes a battle to get the French to follow the systems or to explain again to the Chinese that you are working to a deadline† (Hall, 2003). Understanding the Language of Context and Time Having an in-depth understanding of the language of context is vital in understanding cultural communications particularly with non verbal cues, such as body language, carry implicit messages (Moseley, 2009). Understanding the distinction between high context and low context cultures will greatly enhance communication and reduce conflict in the multi-cultural organization. Understanding how the monochronic and polychronic cultures work will reduce unnecessary tensions at work (Moseley, 2009). For example, monochronic leaders should avoid making snap judgments if polychronic Latin America workers are late for important meetings, this will work to foster stronger work relationships (Moseley, 2009). Valuing Diversity From management to the lowest level of the organization, diversity must be appreciate d in order to ensure that no group feels left out. It is essential to ensure that leaders are well trained to deal with issues related to diversity (White, 1999). Opening up to new ideas and appreciating cultural difference requires that leaders listen more and spend more time with their team members in social functions after work hours; this will enhance cultural understanding as well as encourage respect for other’s points of view (Moseley, 2009). Although it may not be very clear to every one in the organization, there are huge benefits of diversity in the organization. When different cultures are united to pursue a common goal, it is always the case that a lot of learning will take place. Considering that different cultures have different strengths, the sum total of all the strengths can end up creating wonderful opportunities for all the team members to grow in their career and level of efficiency. Organizations should therefore do their best to learn the art of working in a multi cultural environment so as to reap the obvious benefits. Efficient Communication A diverse workforce cannot function without efficient communication developed by reducing bureaucracy and creating avenues that can be used to air grievances and give feedback within the organization (White, 1999). Monochronic leaders should go out of their way to ensure communication is open between them and their subordinates. Closed door policies may come across as cold and unfriendly. It may also be helpful to train the team in the organization on the value of diversity. In this way they show that they value people of different cultures (Moseley, 2009). The high context/ low context barrier in the workplace can be overcome by ensuring proper communication of duties and tasks. Once a new a person joins an organization, she or he should be given a clear job description, the criteria of measuring attainment of goals and objectives should be clarified and feedback of evaluation given regularl y (Billings-Harris, 2007). Creating an Inclusive Environment People who are allowed to express themselves are much happier as compared to those forced to adopt a particular attitude that is unfamiliar to them, this require an open minded manager who is willing to compromise and is adaptable (Yanik, 2011). It fosters harmony within the organization as no particular group will feel sidelined or discriminated against by the leadership and as a result productivity is increased. Another way to do this is to consider individual needs when enforcing company policies and guidelines in order to be fair (Billings-Harris, 2007). For polychronic cultures, relaxing time schedules and deadlines will make them feel less pressure at the workplace. This can be achieved by allowing flex-time as long as the total amount of time required for work is covered (Billings-Harris, 2007). Conclusion The increase in globalization means that there is no escaping the multicultural organization. Different culture s have different perceptions of time and communication which they bring into international organizations. Hall’s work in elucidating the different cultural perceptions has aided cross-cultural relations by demystifying various cultures. While working in a multi-cultural organization, these perceptions can be constant sources of conflict among co-workers and between managers and their subordinates leading to a variety of problems and frustrations. Insensitivity and ignorance of different cultures are the root causes of majority of the problems that plague international organizations. For this reasons, such organizations adopt strategies to foster harmony and understanding within the organization. By understanding international organizational behaviour, multi-cultural organizations can thrive. As technology continues to advance, it is also important for organizations to realize that globalization is here to stay. This being the case, nothing should be left to chance when it com es to transforming into becoming international. Efforts should be made to ensure that an organization is able to diversify its operations globally. Reference List Advameg., 2011. Cross-Cultural / International Communication, Flossmoor, IL: Advameg, Inc. Available from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Cos-Des/Cross-Cultural-International-Communication.html. Analytic Technologies., 2007. Differences in Culture. Lexington, KY: Analytic Technologies. Available from: http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/cultural.htm . Billings-Harris, L., 2007. Managing Diversity in the Workplace. Ontario, CA: The Side Road. Available from: http://www.sideroad.com/Diversity_in_the_Workplace/ managing-diversity-in-the-workplace.html . Dahl, S., 2007. Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures. Narragansett, RI USA: Coastal Institute. Available from: http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/CIIPLeadership/Docs_2007/Monochronic%20and%20Polychronic%20Cultures.pdf . Gamsriegler, A., 2005. High Context and Low Conte xt Communication Styles. Burgenland, Austria: Burgenland University of Applied Sciences. Available from: http://gamsriegler.factlink.net/fsDownload/communication%20styles%20across%20cultures.pdf?forumid=326v=1id=216808.pdf . Hahn, H., 2011. Time Sense: Polychronicity and Monochronicity. California: Harley Hahn. Available from: http://www.harley.com/writing/time-sense.html . Hall, E. T., 2011. Hall’s Cultural Factors. Germany: Changing Minds. Available from: http://changingminds.org/explanations/culture/hall_culture.htm . Hall, K., 2003. Worlwide vision in the workplace. Global Integration. Available from: http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=350 . Missana, S., n.d., The Grip of Culture: Edward T. Hall. Los Altos, CA: Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge. Available from: http://ishkbooks.com/hall.pdf . Moseley, A., 2009. Improving Cross-Cultural Communication Skills: Ask-Seek-Knock. Leadership Advance Online, Issue XVII, Summer 2009. Availabl e from: http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/lao/issue_17/LAO_IssXVII_Moseley.pdf. Neulip, J. W., Hintz, S. M. McCroskey, J. C., 2005. The Influence of Ethnocentrism in Organizational Contexts: Perceptions of Interviewee and Managerial Attractiveness, Credibility, and Effectiveness. Communication Quarterly, 53 (1) 41-56. Available from: http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/publications/210.pdf . O’Hara-Devereaux, M. Johansen, R., 1994. Transcending Cultural Barriers: Context, Relationships and Time. Bakersfield, CA: California State University. Available from: http://www.csub.edu/TLC/options/resources/handouts/fac_dev/culturalbarries.html. Persing, D. L., 1999. Managing in Polychronic Times. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14 (5) 358-373. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.80.8381rep=rep1type=pdf . White, R. D., 1999. Managing the Diverse Organization: The Imperative for a New Multicultural Paradigm. Public Administration and Mana gement: An Interactive Journal, 4 (4) 469-493. Available from; http://www.spaef.com/file.php?id=329 . Yanik, J., 2011. What techniques are there for managing cultural and organizational diversity? Coventry, UK: Warwick Blogs. Available from: http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/yanikjoshi/entry/what_techniques_are/ . This essay on International Organizational Behaviour was written and submitted by user Diamond Bishop to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.